Movement disorder Surgeries
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What are Movement Disorders?
Movement disorders are a group of neurological conditions that cause abnormal voluntary or involuntary movements. These disorders can lead to excessive movement or a lack of movement, often impacting daily activities and quality of life. They may result from genetic factors, brain injuries, infections, or other neurological conditions.
Causes of Movement Disorders
Movement disorders can be caused by various factors, including:
Genetic Mutations: Some movement disorders are inherited and caused by genetic mutations.
Neurodegenerative Diseases: Conditions like Parkinson's disease involve the progressive degeneration of brain cells.
Brain Injuries: Trauma, strokes, and infections can damage parts of the brain responsible for movement control.
Toxins and Medications: Exposure to certain toxins or long-term use of specific medications can lead to movement disorders.
Symptoms of Movement Disorders
The symptoms of movement disorders vary depending on the specific condition but commonly include:
Tremors: Involuntary shaking or trembling of parts of the body, such as hands, arms, or legs.
Rigidity: Stiffness and inflexibility of the muscles.
Bradykinesia: Slowness of movement.
Dyskinesia: Abnormal, uncontrolled, involuntary movements.
Ataxia: Lack of coordination and balance.
Types of Movement Disorders
1.Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement control. Symptoms include tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability.
2. Essential Tremor
Essential tremor is a common movement disorder that causes involuntary and rhythmic shaking, often affecting the hands, head, and voice.
3. Dystonia
Dystonia involves sustained or repetitive muscle contractions, leading to abnormal postures or twisting movements. It can affect a single part of the body (focal dystonia) or multiple regions (generalized dystonia).
Movement Disorder Surgeries
1. DBS Surgery for Parkinson's Disease, Essential Tremor, and Dystonia
Parkinson's Disease: DBS involves implanting electrodes in the brain to deliver electrical impulses that help control the motor symptoms of Parkinson's Disease.
Essential Tremor: DBS targets specific brain areas to reduce the severity of tremors.
Dystonia: DBS can help alleviate involuntary muscle contractions and abnormal postures caused by dystonia.
2. Pallidotomy
Pallidotomy is a surgical procedure that involves destroying a small part of the globus pallidus, a brain region involved in regulating voluntary movement. It helps reduce symptoms like tremors and rigidity in Parkinson's disease and dystonia
3. Thalamotomy and Other RF Lesioning Procedures for Tremor and Dystonia
Thalamotomy involves creating a lesion in the thalamus to reduce tremors. Other radiofrequency (RF) lesioning procedures target specific brain areas to alleviate symptoms of tremor and dystonia.
4. Botulinum Toxin Injections for Writer's Cramp and Focal Dystonia
Botulinum toxin injections are used to treat focal dystonia and writer's cramp by temporarily paralyzing overactive muscles, providing relief from abnormal movements and postures.
Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
